See instructions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

See instructions - Essay Example This mostly occurs to most electronic products such as DVD players, refrigerators and LCDs. Again, the new product should have better attributes than the previous one for it to sell. In triability, we include products such as shampoo and lotion while with observation are products like clothes and shoes. The product life cycle in marketing is used in order to determine changes in marketing solutions. In the maturity stage, sales are normally reduced due to competition of the same products. This is the second last stage in the product life cycle. The following three categories of product should therefore be reinvented: Product pricing, product distribution and promotions. Effective marketing emphasizes on these categories due to reasons such as; customer satisfaction when it comes low prices of purchasing these products ( pride & feral 2008). Prices set for these products should not be too high such that the customers can not afford or even too low. Besides, distribution of the products ensures that they reach the target customers in a timely manner. Product promotion is also essential in marketing because this strategy promotes more sales and encourages more customers in to the purchasing

Career Development in Financial Accounts in a Bank Assignment

Career Development in Financial Accounts in a Bank - Assignment Example Academic qualifications area must have, but the soft skills describe a person’s readiness to learn and work. Experience is a definite bonus in any job qualification specifics. As an accounting student at the university, it is with no doubt that I am on the verge of getting the basic as well as the preliminary skills required to work as a bank teller. Academically, I took various subjects during my first year which are relevant to finance and banking. Accounting and management accounting are among the units I took. I did well in my exams thus my confidence in working as a bank teller. I have full comprehension of the fundamental theoretic in those subjects among others. Additionally, I have covered other subjects including business environment, people and organization. This subject entails the relations at a workplace and how to create an effective environment in order to achieve the workplace objectives. This is knowledge needed in the bank industry according to the career research I undertook. Having worked as a sales assistant, I have experienced firsthand how to deal with customers. It is very interesting and engaging and bank tellers do it similarly. They engage with customer issues and ensure they deliver the services to suit the customer’s needs. The experience as a sales assistant proved to many as well as myself that I am a reliable person in my work among other qualities like teamwork. A sales job involves teamwork and assisting your colleagues where necessary. A quality that I always employed. Moreover, my current job as a cashier at a petrol station has increased my knowledge in customer service. I enjoy my work in relating to customers. On the other hand, I work voluntarily in Oxford church. In my work, we always get involved with different people in the society and attend to them. We clean public halls, collect litter, as well as visit old people homes and orphans. The work is a worthwhile experience as it builds my eagerness to want to help people in the society where I have the means.  Ã‚  

The Nature of class relations in 1880s Canada Essay Example for Free

The Nature of class relations in 1880s Canada Essay In Canada, the response to industrial capitalism was evident between the year 1867 and 1892 by the Toronto workers. The exercise began in the late 1960s at the Toronto University. In North America Universities this period was very exciting whereby many of them accepted the dogmas and came under vigorous re-examination. However, the history of Canadian was one of the disciplines which did not address the question of the events which were prevailing by that time. The Canadian traditional histography had been very narrow until the times of leader Harold Innis who came up with considerable useful system of work on the political economy of Canadians.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Class was one among the factors which had been completely ignored by Canadian historical writing. Although there was a great value of historian sources, the work was somehow antiquarian and also indicated a conservative methodology. Involved in the list of the generalization’s list were political economists like Eugene Forsey and Logan both whom had restrictions towards the study of the working class in narrow sense of institution. The essence for account of the working class in Canadian which was a new approach in history and methodological innovations which was very apparent. After several studies, it indicated that a community study seemed to be the place by then to start reconstruction of Canadian working class experience. The main reason of choosing the Toronto city was due to its economic importance and also its key role in development of the earliest labor movements. Toronto workers who used to live in Ontario’s leading city were among the first group to experience the industrial revolution to join Unions of Institutions so as to create the city labor centre and also to national labor organizations. More so, Toronto proved to the especially to the rich that it had achieved holdings pertinent to the studies which were proposed (Alexander 1962, p. 43).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the nineteenth century the city’s press was very vibrant and also well preserved. It had very well maintained trade union records and the other materials of work. The city also had a very lively labor press where much of it was still extant. The essence of choosing the period of the nineteenth century was to capture the Toronto’s working class at its conception. The establishment of the class relations lay in the workers and industrialization’s response to that process. Such was a study of the interaction of economic transformation and the emerging working class that both of them shaped and was on the other hand shaped by the new class. The emergence of trade unionism, the struggle for shorter hours in the 1870s, the surge of oppositional cultures based on the knights of labor in the years of 1880s and the establishment of institutional framework for movements of trade unions lay during this period.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Important new organizations were created from the development of the working class. To achieve the full analysis, it required that the placement of the economic transformation context and cultural adaptations which were denied to them by the institutional labor history. In the decade of 1880s, the industrial conservative and industrial expansion ruled not on even a single important measure on behalf of industrial workers which was placed upon Dominion’s book of statute. In 1889, the government passed measures which had no division and in turn removed the afforded protection by the Act of 1872. Also, the same regulation in the labor interest was declared but for this case, by the provinces. According to Armstrong report, it states that Armstrong was primarily an employee in the Toronto daily meal since 1872. He later became a leader in one of unions. He was later appointed to head an investigation committee whereby he analyzed the membership in terms of eligibility, reliability and other past records. He ensured promotion of the female organizations in terms of labor and rated their wages according to the work completed. In his report, he stressed that childhood labor should have very tough laws in its enforcement. He recommended that, boards of arbitration should deal and handle cases and disputes of the workers who complain about long working hours. To this case, he recommended for shortening of the long and exploitative hours. He further suggested that all Canadian laborers or workmen should have proper compensation which should be fully supported by the union. Contrary to that, he was however opposed by all other private agencies that offered employment services. http://www.books.google.com/books?isbn=0802039987   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   According to the testimony of A W. Wright, he testified for the Son of Man who is against the offspring of prediction. It stresses on setting for the father and obedience to God’s elect, testified by the month of he lord, angles and men. With a true discovery of a bundle of equivocations, confusions and hypocrisy in those who term themselves as preachers and to the light with all men. Richard Dennis he argues that in Canada, exists a long history of suburban working class settlement. However, the conditions have improved. The workers in suburban once lived at the frontier line of the urban economy, after 1945, they occupied a more standardized and financial subdivisions, they became apart and parcel of its consumer apotheosis.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There has been a noted variation in working conditions across different trades. For instance, when compared to Canada, the trade union membership in Australian grew dramatically. Comparative analysis of to steel and iron plants in Australia and Canada there was a broad union growth in a five time. One firm was locate at New South Wales while the other at Sydney. The workers at both firms unionized and the union of the Sydney firm collapsed due to strike. The union of steel and iron did not revive at the Sydney Firm until the time of World War I. with the exception of a brief period, steel and iron unionism continued under examination at the lith grow plant. The ideas of employers about the proper economic relations and their power in the workplace varied from a location to another according to different writers. Their suggestions included the problems which were encountered in the service employee international unions which needed to be addressed. They also suggests that many of the issues that would not be resolved without the unions establishment. There was a need to blow up the worse unions before fixing them incrementally as a result to dysfunctional unions. Improper distribution of the enough money in the economy was the main problem. There was also a suggestion that the people should be independent and be able to provide for themselves. There was attacked to the major organizations through their way of exploiting their workers in cutting their benefits. To most of the workers, there was the idea of benefiting from the employees because this drastically raised their incomes in the workplace. After industrialization in Canada, most of the employees were forked to join the trade union. As a result majority were affected by the laid down regulations like termination of child labor and standardization of wages and salaries as they were used to exploitation. Their powers in the work place was adversely reduce because they were forced to abide to the unions rules had limited powers in the workplace (Alexander 1962, p 66).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Before the industrialization in Canada, the employees had negative attitudes towards the labor organizations. Such included low organization in preventive measures while at work among other risky and exploitative measures.   Immediately after the industrialization was put in place, there was mobilization in formal sector. There was also appeal to the government for provision of welfare benefits. According to study, neoliberal reform surprisingly had opened up new channels for the informal workers which contributed them as a class. The employers also put more emphasis to organization and improvement of the workers conditions of safety in the workplace. Due to along period of exploitation and intimation in the work place before Canada’s industrialization, the employees reviewed themselves as devaluated in the workplace. Their rights were not considered, for instance through working for long hours and paid very little money, working under danger situations without protection among other work threats. After industrialization in 1880s, the employees were better placed because most of their problems were addressed in the international union guide. It protected their rights in payments according to the work done, ensured provision of protective measures while at work for instance when working in mines and mills among many. Most of the employees in America joined trade unions just as their colleagues did elsewhere. This caused eruption of strikes. For instance, some worked out of the American Railway Union’s in protest of the Pullman Company’s treatment of its operatives because violent. Majority showed a little or no desire in reduction of employment hours. In the real sense, the unions formed served to boost their wages and also improved their working conditions. Their sporting events, dinner, lectures and others enhanced their quality of life. Also the well developed insurance plans enabled the vagaries of life to be very manageable. As a result of the social role being more in evidence in the membership’s daily experience than were the Union’s economic responsibilities, many employees were drawn to knight labor.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The knights of labor was a good representation of a significant experience in the phase of Canadian working class formation. This was the group of renegade intellectuals who brought the labor questions into federal and provincial politics. They aimed at articulating labor’s struggles. However, it faced many challenges for instance the employee resistance, the 1880’s economic crisis and trade unions which opposed an internal divisions. Most of the members of knights of labor were usually wave earners who could work for long hours in very hazardous conditions. They lived in utter poverty whereby their dwellings were tenants and hovels, their wages however were too little even to cater for their necessities. On the other hand the knights were highly cooperatives which practiced state ownership of all the public utilities they believe in sincerity and honesty of all the members. They were neatly knit together and maintained secret of order. Consequently, they together created a movement culture of alternative, potential social and cultural difficulties. This was the main reason why some workers were drawn to the knights’ labor. Various groups approach in the subject of women and children labor. Before 1880, the women labor force was endless and very diverse. Some of jobs include helping the men in the fields at planting and harvesting times among other household duties. According to Colonial theory, a woman was by no means a weak culture at the beginning of the 19th century, the industrialization in market place began and also the flowering of capitalism. The change established new hierarchies for work between unpaid and paid labor. This was because of absorption of large numbers of men where some women were involved in work or wages outside their homes. In 1880s, although most of women in working class worked outside their homes, there was still a notion by middle class society that the woman’s place was the home where the work had less value. Although the number of women workers in paid labor force raised in percentage from 23.7 percent to 26.3 percent between 1880 and 1920 the total women working number tripled. Due to this, the society accepted the fact that women should work and should do so having their reputations ruined. Although their number increased, this was not nearly significantly as the shift in the occupations. This however left the laws status of women in the work force unchanged. For the case of children’s labor, according to many of the writers, many children were involved in work place. The opportunity of paid employment widened the minority of children not attending schools. Due to Canada’s industrialization and urbanization new children jobs become available especially in Montrà ©al textile mills, Cape Breton and BC mines, Hamilton and also in small manufacturing enterprises. As a result, several conditions combined to end child labor in Canada. This was due to most of the jobs being dead end and poorly paid mineral jobs which led no advancement opportunities. Consequently, by the end of 1980, a large number of children under the age of 14 had been excluded from mines and factory employment. There was a great depression when many adults sought some of the jobs formally done by children hence the children were forced back to school (Alexander 1962, p.98). According to the Freed report, which basically gave 10 years, outlook of the Canadians labor market between the periods of 2004 to 2003, the Freed’s report articulated to the views of employers who attained the sustainable economic growth. This resulted from utilization of high skilled labor due to educational standards of Canada’s labor force which had kept pace with the skilled demand. Also the low skilled occupations had been created. For the medium term, employment growth was determined by demographic development and economy which reduced employment rate through creation of slow and sustained growth. The difference between Armstrong’s report and Freed’s report was that with Armstrong, there was analyzation of membership reliability, eligibility and prevention of child labor. It also considered the unpaid working hours and advocated for rectification. It also ensured union’s support in workplace. For Freeds, it only stressed on better skills which can improve the outcome in occupations. Training for career was his most requirements to venture in to any workplace so as to growth in economy. Reference. Alexander R, (1962). Labor Relations in Argentina, Brazil, and Chile. New York.

The Practice Of Ethical Behavior By Managers Marketing Essay

The Practice Of Ethical Behavior By Managers Marketing Essay Nowadays the practice of ethical behavior by managers and the high position jobs are dramatically decreasing due to the irresponsibilitys of these people towards the society. But there are some other companies that maintain to act as ethical behavior and choose to keep their role in society. The unethical behavior of companies are arising from the east till the west and these acts can be prevented by business leaders such as drive ethical behavior into the cultures of their organizations and create an environment in which every individual takes personal responsibility for doing the right thing in the right way (Ryan, 2009). The ethical behavior should be implemented from the higher level of organization such as CEOs and board of directors in order to be modeling for the lower level of position jobs. The company which did a lot of unethical behavior in the recent years towards its customers is Toyota Motors Co. that there were problems in accelerators stick and brake problems. On the other hand, a company like BMW Motors Co. does a lot of ethical behavior which was selected in 2009 as one of the most ethical companies among 99 firms that was ranked by Ethisphere Institute (Edmunds Inc, 2009). The company considers the safety issues in a lot of terms such as the brake system and airbag system which have derived the company to be among the most ethical behaving firms. Also it behaves in an ethical behavior toward its employees. The BMW Company has chosen four styles for its leadership such as visionary, empathetic, humble servitude and moral/ethical issues (Karlgaard, 2010). II. History of Toyota: Toyota Motor Company was invented by Sakichi Toyoda on 28th August 1937 after seven years of funding on a research and development of automobile (European University Institute, 2010). In 1947 after the Second World War the company started to export the first vehicles to Okinawa and Egypt (European University Institute, 2010). But the company started to sell the vehicles internationally by 1957 with establishing its headquarter in Hollywood (Allpar LLC, n.d.). The most influenced president who changed the position of Toyota in the world were Eiji Toyoda from 1967-1982, Shoichiro Toyoda from 1982-1992 and Akio Toyoda who took control over the company in 2009 (Allpar LLC, n.d.). III. History of BMW: The formation of BMW Company starts from 1913 when Karl Rapp formed Rapp-Motorenwerke Company and in 1922 merged with Bayerische Flugzeugwerke the producer of aircraft engines. After the emerge of these two companies formed BMW(Bayerische Motoren Werke). In the early years the company was producing only the aircraft engine and some motorcycle engines. The production of cars by BMW Company started to begin in 1928 when the company bought a car factory in Eisenach. Since that time the company became one of the best companies and ethical behaving in the world and the current president of the company is Norbert Reithofer. Part 2 Body paragraphs-Toyota I. Paragraph 1: One of the unethical issues that the Toyota Company did towards its customers was that the company did not aware its customers about the accelerators stick. According to Ewing (2010) the Toyota Company has stated that it never knew about the electronic defect that was causing the unintended acceleration. But Toyota recently mentioned that there were just only the mats and accelerator sticks problem which in the recent month have been claimed by the customers. However this problem is backed to 2002 when an official bulletin from Toyota was issued to dealers that mentioning there were some electronic malfunctions in 2002 Camry models (AOL Inc, 2010). The service was stating that the problem may exhibit a surging during light throttle input at speeds between 38-42 mph (Ewing, 2010). The problem was only for the 1 MZ-FE engine models which specifically was used for the Camry models (AOL Inc, 2010). In the beginning of 2010 the report was brought to light by two of the Congressman in the US, Bart Stupak, D-Mich and then was followed by the U.S. House Energy Subcommittee in late February 2010 which was first reported by Automotive News (AOL Inc, 2010). And then the actual document was reported on 22 March 2010 by the CNN on its website and through the aired channel program (AOL Inc, 2010). In addition, the Toyota Company has stated that the link between the surging Toyotas and its electronic systems is unfounded (AOL Inc, 2010). Also it was mentioned that the issue was only related to the mats floor and accelerator pedals sticky problems which is solely are related to the mechanical problem and there is nothing related to the electronic one (AOL Inc, 2010). After all of these justifications from Toyota officials, one of the Congressman Bart Stupak said that it does not believe the companys statement (AOL Inc, 2010). Later Stupak stated there is an electronic problem rather than a mechanical problem which the Toyota Company did not address it (AOL Inc, 2010). In fact, there is a gremlin in this electronic system which is making these cars accelerate unexpectedly, and unfortunately, it has resulted in some serious accidents and deaths (AOL Inc, 2010). But in one of the Toyotas recall websites company said that the internal investigation is going on and Toyota is confident that there is no defects exist in ECU (AOL Inc, 2010). In fact, the complaints began in early decade when Toyota moved a lot of its primary throttle components to electronic controls (AOL Inc, 2010). These changes in technology were considered to be a high improvement for the 2002 Camry Models in which used the an accelerator pedal sensor, a throttle control motor, a throttle position sensor and the engine control module (AOL Inc, 2010). These upgrading were done in order to improve the reliability, efficiency and safety of these cars throttle components to electronic (AOL Inc, 2010). According to 7days newspaper (2010) the Toyota saved more than $100 million by pursuing the US regulators in order to agree a cheap installation of involuntary acceleration problem increased the criticism over the companys president Akio Toyoda following the meeting on 24 February 2010 to the United States Congress (7days, 2010). In February the US regulators bought the Lexus ES 350 from a Tennessee woman and said it will test the vehicle after the owner of the vehicle said that she lost the control of the car when it accelerated automatically and the car toped speed by 100 miles per hour and then after travelling of six miles the car slowed down which was happened in 2006 (Rhonda Smith 2010 cited in 7days 2010). In 2006, after the issue the owner took the car to the local dealer but could not find any problem (Rhonda Smith 2010 cited in 7days 2010). However in 2007 the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration found that the problem was related to the floor mates that was jamming the accelerators pedal (7days, 2010). After all of these unethical behaviors of the company towards its customer the US authorities have announced recently that it is going to fine a hefty amount which is more than $16 million after it failed to report the defects problem within four months. This announcement came after 70,000 pages of evidence being uncovered by Department of Transportation (7days, 2010). Ray LaHood the US Transport Secretary said we now have proof that Toyota failed to live up to its legal obligations (7days, 2010). The Toyota Company could avoid this fine by investigating the issue at the beginning and fix those faulty at that time. II. Paragraph 2: The second unethical behavior that the company did towards its consumers in the current year is that it did not inform the consumers about the brake problems of Toyota Prius 2010 models. Due to this problem the US Transportation Department has started investigation when there was an announcement from the Toyota that had brake problem with the Prius Models and fixed that in January by changing the softwares brake system (BBC News, 2010). The investigation is looking into the problem that the brake is losing its capability while traveling on a disrupted road surface and on speed breakers (BBC News, 2010). Recently, there were 124 complaints about this issue which leaded to four crashes in the United State but there was no any issues reported in the United Kingdom (BBC News, 2010). Till now there is no any recall for the Prius Models, but the company is planning to recall those vehicles which were made and sold in South Africa (Toyota Companys spokesman 2010 cited in BBC News 2010). How ever there are being seen by the company that there are some clashes between the anti-lock brake system (ABS) and regenerative braking which it needs more investigation to be done in order to decide whether to recall those cars or not (Toyotas managing officer, Hiroyuki Yokoyama 2010 cited in BBC News 2010). Currently the Companys admission is looking into 200 reports about braking problem from customers in the United State and Japan but there was no any problem in Europe. In addition, the Japanese Government is pressuring on the Toyota Company in order to investigate the problem (BBC News, 2010). In the Northern Ireland there was a case that a customer bought the car in July last year, after two weeks the customer noticed that the brake is performing inconsistently. The problem was happening when pressing the brake pedal before reaching at a traffic light or a junction the brake releases for seconds. Then the car stops after rolling six to eight feet before it reapplies. But Toyota UK have stated that after the customers reports an investigation went under way and they did not find any fault in brakes. It was blamed on the drivers and stated that it is the way that the brake system works in Prius Models. So far the company has recalled more than 8.5 million vehicles in recent months due to the unintended acceleration and brake problem which was affecting the glitch in Prius Models and other models including a recall of 3120 Sequoia and Avalon cars by Al Futtaim in the UAE (7days, 2010). The regulators in the United State said that there are five deaths and 29 fatality accidents are reported due to unintended acceleration (7days, 2010). A recent internal document which is related to 2009 that was discovered by the authorities that there was a saving of more than $100 million by Toyotas Washington DC staff and satisfied the regulators in order to end up with an investigation which was about the unintended acceleration complaints and cheap floor mat recall (7day s, 2010). There is a big debate now whether the company ignored or missed the complaints about the unintended acceleration and whether the US safety regulators were serious enough about the problem (7days, 2010). But in the document were clearly seen that there was a slow response from Toyota to the problem, said the US Department of Transportation (7days, 2010). The launch of a publicity campaign in the last month by Toyota Company was to satisfy the customers that the company is addressing the problems (7days, 2010). In January there was a dramatic decrease of 16 percent in the US sales and estimated there will be a total cost of $2 billion due to the recent recall (7days, 2010). It appears that the Toyota problem varies in many models. In February it came into view that there are steering problems in the Toyota Corolla, which is known as the most popular car in the world, was the latest issue about the problem (7days, 2010). The investigation began in the United State after 129 c omplaints were made by drivers about the steering problems (7days, 2010). III. Effect of unethical behaviour: The effect of unethical behavior of Toyotas Company was a hefty amount and damaged its reputation in the market. There were a lot of automakers that were badly hit by the economic downturn but with the recall of millions of Toyotas due to safety issues, those companies have regained from this situation (7days, 2010). General Motors is leading the opportunity by offering money to Toyota owners in order to by the GM models, while the GM was toppled in two years ago by Toyota as the worlds biggest automaker, and the company went through a bankruptcy and the US government helped the company to be reinvented (7days, 2010). It is a real problem for Toyota Company as the numbers of recalls are huge and is going to lose its biggest market share in the US and Europe (Frank Schwope 2010 cited in 7days 2010). Also there are other automakers that are gaining from this opportunity such as Honda, Nissan and Ford Company (7days, 2010). Last month, after the beginning of trouble, the GM was offering a tempting discount of $1000 to the owners of Toyota with the exchange of a GM model (7days, 2010). In fact, the Toyota Company should do respond to these faults if the company wants to reduce the impact of lose and regain back some of the share market (7days, 2010). According to a recent research, the Toyota sales fell by 16 percent while the GM and Ford Company have increased by 14 and 25 percent respectively (7days, 2010). In fact, there were some roots that caused of unethical behavior such as character, information, expectation and judgment of the Toyotas managers and CEOs because these people were the most responsible people in the company that ignored the safety of the customers. In reality, the cost of unethical failures by Toyota is estimated to be a lot that some of them are considered to be the loss of business, fines and penalties, loss of company reputation, loss of employee morale, recruiting difficulties and employee turnover. Part 3 Body Paragraphs-BMW I. Paragraph 1: On the other hand, BMW Motor Company has done many ethical behaviors toward their customers by improving the safety issues such as installing and developing the Anti-lock Brake System (ABS). The brake system that the company is using is one of the greatest and most advanced when compared to the other cars model. The ABS is an advanced technology with a sensor that helps the driver to prevent the locking of the brake in cases that the driver uses the brake instantly with the full power in a sudden case (BMW Group, n.d.). The system also helps to maintain and balance the speed of rotation of wheels in a rainy, icy or on uneven road surfaces when the driver uses the brake in an instant case and helps the driver to easily turn the steering and avoid the accident (BMW Group, n.d.). Also in cases that when one side of the vehicle is on the icy or rainy road and the other side is on the pavement, it prevents the vehicle from rotating by balancing on the reduction of the rotation of the whee ls (BMW Group, n.d.). Moreover, the system allows the highest pressure while the wheels are rotating in a controlled way (BMW Group, n.d.). The system minimizes the pressure of the brake in order the wheel to rotate in a controlled way and steer the vehicle, when there is a feel that the wheel is going to be locked or already is locked (BMW Group, n.d.). The second safety issue which BMW Company considers about is the airbag system. Statistics show that the airbag reduces the number of deaths by 30 percent when there is a direct front collision. In cases when an airbag is not activated in case of fatal accident the company pays one million dirham compensation and damages to the owner of the car because of this faulty. A new generation of child seat and occupant detect system (SBE2) has been developed by the BMW Company (Lu et al 2001). The system detects according to pressure profile measured by a force sensitive sensor array and the change of electrical field recorded in capacitanc e (Lu et al 2001). This system is purely based on two subsystems, FDS which is based on the capacitive principle and OC is based on the pressure subsystem (Lu et al 2001). II. Reason Benefits of BMW success: There are some reasons that the BMW Motor Company became the leader of luxury vehicle seller. The company adapted four types of leadership visionary, empathetic, humble servitude and moral/ethical issues (Karlgaard, 2010). The visionary leadership style in BMW is that the company changed and retooled its brands from the normal and economic car to luxury one (Karlgaard, 2010). It developed its vision till that the company became the biggest seller of luxury cars and overtaking the Mercedes-Benz which once owned the position (Karlgaard, 2010). The second leadership style that the company follows is empathy (Karlgaard, 2010). The company is full of empathetic leaders that the company is successful in its field of business because there are inspiration and engagement between the employees and leaders of the business which resulted to have the best vehicles and on the other side to have the most satisfied customers (Karlgaard, 2010). The other leadership style that the company follows is the humble servitude in which states that at first the businesses should listen to customers and then establish a form of service for the company (Karlgaard, 2010). The last leadership style that the company follows is moral/ethical issues in which the company states that every employee should follow a set of golden rule when dealing with any customer of the company which can be known as the most powerful tools towards the human frailty (Karlgaard, 2010). These types of leadership style can avoid any unethical behavior in businesses and if the Toyota Company was considering these types of leadership style in its business it could avoid the deaths of a lot of its customers and maintained the good reputation of the business worldwide. Also the company used the core of managerial mystique which contains subsystems such as decision-making prowess, functional rationality and substantive rationality. After 1980s, the BMW Company has developed more safety technologies as it compared to oth er automaker which have leaded to the saving the lives of a lot of drivers and passengers of these cars. BMW Company has gained a lot of advantages as a result of following ethical conduct. The advantages are varied; such as competitive advantage, customer loyalty, enhanced reputation, positive work environment, employer of choice and employee retention as it is compared to its rival companies in the world. Part 3 Conclusion In conclusion, the Toyota Company should do more in order to improve the ethical behavior within the business and toward its customer. These acts that the Toyota Company did in order to save the cost and make more profit but these profits are for the short-run and after that there will be a hefty amount of loss as the company is facing currently. In addition, it will damage the reputation of the business in the market. The Toyota Company should look at the BMW Company how it follows the ethical behavior within its business and towards its customers. By following ethical behavior the companies can avoid cases that now Toyota Company is facing. If all companies around the world think about the safety and quality of their product, then there would be less number of deaths due to defect of their products. In addition, the companies should follow ethical behavior in order to avoid the legal action towards their company and increase the productivity by applying the ethical dilemma within t he business. Part 4 Bibliography List 7days., 2010. Could five deaths have been avoided? Claims that Toyota saved $100 million with a cheap fix to be investigated. 23 Feb. p.17. 7days., 2010. Toyota boss to face music: Toyoda heads to the US to stand before Congress. 21 Feb. p.16. 7days., 2010. Toyota is set for record fine. 07 April. p.14. 7days., 2010. Toyotas recall has left rival car firms smiling. 08 Feb. p.19. 7days., 2010. US to test Lexus ES 350 after driver testifies she lost control of car. 28 Feb. p.14. Allpar, LLC. Toyota history: corporate and automotive. [Online]. Available at: http://www.toyoland.com/history.html [accessed 5 April 2010] AOL Inc. 2010. Toyota identified and fixed electronic throttle surging problems in 2002. [Online]. (Updated 23 March 2010) Available at: http://autos.aol.com/article/toyota-throttle-warning-2002/ [accessed 04 April 2010] BBC Online., 2010. US to probe Toyota Prius brake problems. [internet]. 4 February. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8497471.stm [accessed 05 April 2010] BMW Group. Anti-lock Brake System (ABS). [Online]. Available at: http://www.bmw.com/com/en/insights/technology/technology_guide/articles/anti_lock_brake_system.html [accessed 07 April 2010] Edmunds Inc. 2009. BMW, Toyota Named Among Most Ethical Companies. [Online]. (2010) Available at: http://www.autoobserver.com/2009/04/bmw-toyota-named-among-most-ethical-companies.html [accessed 3 April 2010] European University Institute, 2010. The History of Toyota: A short overview. [Online]. (2010). Available at: http://www.eui.eu/Personal/Researchers/ae86_project1/history.htm [accessed 5 April 2010] Ewing, S, J. 2010. Toyota reportedly knew about unintended acceleration issues caused by electronics in 2002. [Online]. (Updated 23 March 2010) Available at: http://www.autoblog.com/2010/03/23/report-toyota-knew-about-unintended-acceleration-issues-in-2002/3 [accessed 04 April 2010] Gee, T, S., 2010. A Brief History of BMW Motor Cars. [Online]. (2010) Available at: http://ezinearticles.com/?A-Brief-History-of-BMW-Motor-Carsid=1419687 [accessed 5 April 2010] Karlgaard, R., 2010. Four Styles of Leadership. (SIGN publication 20) [internet]. New York : SIGN (Published 2010) Available at: http://www.forbes.com/forbes/2009/1102/opinions-rich-karlgaard-digital-rules.html [accessed 3 April 2010] Lu, Y. Marschner, C. Eisenmann, L. Sauer, S., 2001. The new generation of the BMW child seat and occupant detection system SBE2. BMW Groups [Online] 3 (2), p. 1,4. Available at: http://society.kisti.re.kr/~Eksae/_notes/data/pdf/v3n2_2.pdf [accessed 07 April 2010] Ryan, G., 2009. It is important to drive ethical behaviour. [Online] 3 July., Available at: http://milwaukee.bizjournals.com/milwaukee/stories/2009/07/06/editorial3.html [accessed 3 April 2010]

Ferdinand Magellan :: essays research papers

Ferdinand Magellan was born in 1480, in a stone farm house in Portugal. His father's name was Dom Ruy Magellan, and his mother's name was Donha Alda De Mesquite. His father was a Portuguese nobleman and owned a large amount of land. He was also a sheriff, an honorary position awarded for distinguished service to the crown.Ferdinand's brother was named Diago De Sousa, a name he took from his wealthy grandmother, his sister was named Isabel Magellan. His family seemed to care about each other and respected one another. His family owned cows, sheep, hogs, and goats and fields of wheat, rye, corn and vineyards full of grapes. Ferdinand and his brother and sister had to help the tenants (people that rented and farmed the land), raise the animals and harvest the crops. Ferdinand went to school at a monastery. Both his parents died when Ferdinand was only ten years old. At the age of twelve, he was sent to live at the court of Queen Leonora and John II of Portugal. His older brother, Diago, had gone to court two years earlier. His cousin, named Francisco Serrano also twelve years old, came at the same time as Ferdinand did. At court Ferdinand learned music, dance, horsemanship and how to handle weapons, in addition to academic subjects such as reading, writing and religion. Also he learned algebra, geometry, astronomy and navigation. After he had worked at court for a few years, he started checking the supplies for the ships going to India. This was work for the India House, run by the monarchy. India house was the agency for overseas trade. Magellan heard reports of new discoveries brought back by returning ships. It was here that Magellan learned practical aspects of navigation from the sailors and by helping outfit the ships he learned about rigging, repairing, armaments and supplies.In 1495, John II died, and his brother-in-law, Duke Manuel became king. Duke Manuel did not like Ferdinand, so even though Ferdinand wanted to sail, it was not until 1505 that he finally got his chance. In 1505 Magellan sailed to India under the leadership of Captain General Almeida, and set up Naval Bases along the way. They set their first base up at Kilwa, and the chief there had promised to be nice to sailors coming through, and said each time sailors came through, he promised to give some gold to the King of Portugal.

Capitalizing the costs of developing a software program for sale Essay

In order to gain a better understanding of both the software industry and the applicable guidelines for capitalizing software, some outside research into the industry and FASB standards was completed. This research was complied as a part of the risk assessment portion of the audit process (Whittington & Pany, 2012). The issue of capitalizing the costs of developing a software program for sale is a complicated issue. This is due in part to the fact that the nature of technology is constantly changing so clear procedures regulating when to write off a software system vary according to the pace of technological changes within the industry. Therefore, while a company is developing software, they should report the incurred creative costs to a research and development account (Warfield, Weygandt, & Kieso, 2007). Once the software product has reached a point where it is feasibly considered a technological product the costing can be adjusted to begin capitalizing the costs (Warfield, Weygandt, & Kieso). As established in FASB Statement No. 2, any costs incurred in the developing, creating, testing, and so forth of software products will be charged to the research and development expense account; however any adjustments to the software for upgrades and any costs to market the product would not be included in the research and development expense account (Accounting-Financial-Tax.com, 2012). This is because by the point the product is ready to be marketed or needs to be upgraded to meet new technological standards, the feasibility of the product has been established and therefore the product should be capitalized (Account ing-Financial-Tax.com). If however, after meeting the feasibility requirements, there is substantial risk associate... ....com. (2012). Capitalization and amortization of software costs. Retrieved from, http://accounting-financial-tax.com/2009/05/capitalization-and-amortization-of-software-cost/ Accounting For Management. (2011). Return on Shareholder’s investment or net worth ratio. Retrieved from, http://www.accountingformanagement.com/retun_on_share_holders_investment_or_net_worth.htm Kennon, J. (2012). Return on assets (ROA). Retrieved from, http://beginnersinvest.about.com/od/incomestatementanalysis/a/return-on-assets-roa-income-statement.htm Tracy, J. A. (2004). How to read a financial report (6th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. Warfield, T. D., Weygandt, J. J., & Kieso, D. E. (2007). Intermediate accounting (2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. Whittington, R., & Pany, K. (2012). Principles of auditing and other assurances (18th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill

What Is Time?

Since the very beginning of the human history and up to the present times, the question of time has been a matter of the major philosophical and mathematical concern. Where scientists sought to establish the single and universal definition of time as applied to astronomical and geometrical linear concepts, philosophers tried to reconsider the relevance of time through the prism of its relativity, instability, and its relation to eternity. Given the continuous evasiveness of time and its never-stopping nature, it is difficult to deny that the concept of time comprises numerous features that are not always readily visible to researchers. Simultaneously, our growing dependence on time turns the latter into the critical component of our daily functioning. In reality, and taking into account numerous ideas about time, time is an intangible category which in our world is directly associated with the movement of space bodies around the earth, and which also exemplifies a relative measure of events. Really, the whole history of mankind is associated with the continuous search for the single and universal definition of time. For years and centuries hundreds of scientists, archeologists, anthropologists, philosophers, and religious adherents sought to create a clearer vision of time. In the light of its evasiveness, and given the intangible nature of time, it was more and more difficult for humans to come to a simple and common agreement with regard to the definition of time. Now, as we find ourselves more and more dependent on time, we also find it more and more difficult to determine, what it is that we see through the clocks, alarms, and calendars. It would be fair to say that â€Å"time is represented through change, such as the circular motion of the moon around the earth. The passing of time is indeed closely connected to the concept of space† (Science Daily), but is it enough to say that time is nothing more but the motion of celestial bodies around the earth? Certainly, the concept of time extends far beyond the boundaries of space consciousness, and while individuals try to determine what time is, a whole set of considerations and criteria needs to be taken into account. Historical and philosophic wisdom may help clarify the major time controversies. To begin with, it is in the dialogue between Plato and Timaeus that we first encounter the growing ancient interest toward time. â€Å"He thought of making a certain movable image of eternity, and, at once with ordering heaven, he made an eternal image going according to number, that which we have named Time† (Reichenbach 43). Here, the definition of time comprises both physical and metaphysical understanding of continuous motion, and also confirms the cosmological nature of time on our planet. For Plato, the concept of time is nothing else but a unique combination of eternity and change. This uniqueness is justified by the growing confidence that time, on the one hand, exemplifies stability and a measure of everything, and on the other hand, works as a never-stopping evasive machine. Nevertheless, it is with Plato that scientists and philosophers have gradually come to realize the importance and role of space bodies in designing the vision of time and its relativity. It is with Plato that we view space bodies as the major divisions of circular time. Space bodies link the concept of time to the concept of motion. Through the dialogue between Plato and Timaeus we see stars and other planets as indicators of intangible time; ultimately, it is space that is associated both with eternity and continuous motion. Does that mean that time is a purely philosophical concept and has nothing to do with specific mathematical sciences? In reality, scientists in general, and physicists in particular truly believe that they can scientifically justify and ground the concept of time. Although the scientific side of time is still unclear, it is obvious that researchers and scholars in science will further use their mathematical and mechanical knowledge to develop new time theories. Einstein is well-known for his works about relativity and time, but before Einstein, Galileo and Isaac Barrow also tried to produce a single definition of time. For Barrow, â€Å"time denotes not an actual existence but a certain capacity or possibility for a continuity of existence; just as space denotes a capacity for intervening length. Time does not imply motion, as far as its absolute and intrinsic nature is concerned; [†¦] time implies motion to be measurable; without motion we do not perceive the passage of Time† (Whitrow, Fraser & Soulsby 76). Barrow identifies Time with slow and steady motion, but he concludes that it is impossible to define Time without linking it to the steady and continuous motion of stars, the Moon, and the Sun (Whitrow, Fraser & Soulsby 76). As a result, the motion of celestial bodies can looks like the common thread between different definitions of time. Certainly, Barrow was not unique in his desire to link time to space shifts, but he was one of the first to recognize time as a mathematical concept. For Barrow as well as for his followers, Time was a linear mathematical function. It was associated with a circular line. Barrow viewed time as the concept independent of everything else, and as the concept that flew regardless of economic, social, and environmental changes. However, Barrow was not the only one trying to discuss time from scientific viewpoint. Numerous scientific theories have been developed to prove or deny the relevance of different time definitions. For example, Newton viewed time not as motion but as a universal instrument of measurement; according to his theory, time was not a relative but an absolute category (Brann 49). His ideas were later rejected by Leibniz, who was confident that Time was nothing else but a predetermined sequence of events; for Leibniz, events were the fundamental components of Time (Brann 56). In the variety of visions and ideas, none of them could become the basis for creating an objective theory of time. Time was always surrounded by a realm of myths and subjective opinions that lacked comprehensibility. It was not before Einstein that all previous assumptions have been reduced to nonsense, and it was not before Einstein that a completely new philosophy of Time has been developed. â€Å"It might appear possible to overcome all the difficulties attending the definition of ‘time’ by substituting the position of the small hand of my watch for ‘time’† (Brann 80; Seeman 104). Why watch? The truth is that it is virtually impossible to avoid subjectivity and relativity, when determining Time by watch. Also, it is impossible to guarantee synchronicity of all clocks and watches on the planet. The choice of the watch as the instrument of Time is not accidental, as far as it exemplifies the dramatic differences in perceptions, which individuals hold with regard to Time. Einstein’s beliefs about time are rooted in earlier theories, which linked time to the motion of bodies in space. Simultaneously, Einstein was the first to link Time to the speed of light and the notion of simultaneity. Where the movement of watch had to denote the process or the motion of space bodies, this very watch had to denote the simultaneity of things. In other words, through the prism of Time, each event had to be linked to each particular moment of Time, or to each particular position of the watch hands (Whitrow, Fraser & Soulsby 87). The use of the watch as the measure of time, however, was only possible for the events that took place in close proximity. Thus, linking the concept of time to the concept of watch was possible only for the events that took place at close proximity. In case of events that took place at different locations, the concept of the watch immediately lost its relevance. Does that mean that we cannot reconsider the concept of Time without tying it to the concept of the speed of light? Or does that mean that Einstein’s vision of Time is the most convenient and applicable of all Time theories? In reality, all time theories and assumptions are not without their fallacies. Time equally comprises rational and irrational features. From the rational perspective, time can be explained through the prism of space movements, or their sequence. Irrationally, time looks like a predetermined order of things, or their sequence that divides our lives into â€Å"before† and â€Å"after† and flows independently regardless of the major environmental or physical changes. In the light of numerous theories and assumptions with regard to time, it is impossible to limit the concept of time to rational or irrational considerations. Moreover, it is the balance of rational and irrational that may help create the single and the most relevant theory of time. Leibniz wrote that â€Å"Time is the order of existence of those things which are not simultaneous. Thus time is the universal order of changes when we do not take into consideration the particular kinds of change† (Seeman 77). Unfortunately, time is far from being universal but is still a measure of the order of changes, regardless of the nature of each particular change. From the differences and commonalities between philosophic and rational beliefs about Time, the latter comes out as the concept, which is closely tied to cosmology and the motion of celestial bodies around the earth, as well as the relative (and never absolute) measure of events and their sequences, with this relativity being integrally linked to the notion of light. Conclusion Over the course of the human history, dozens of philosophers and scientists sought to determine what Time is and what changes it produces on our vision of reality. Where philosophers held irrational beliefs about Time, scientists tried to link Time to mathematical concepts. Despite the differences, most of them viewed Time through the prism of cosmology and the motion of celestial bodies. Simultaneously, it was not before Einstein that Time ceased to be an absolute concept. As a result, through the major commonalities and differences in individual beliefs about Time, the latter stands out as a relative measure of events and their sequences, closely linked to the concept of cosmology and the motion of celestial bodies.